Protocols
Traveling to a country involves following a set of rules, The same principle applies to the internet. For everyone to share information effectively, certain rules and steps must be followed. These rules are known as protocols.
Network Protocols are a set of Rules & Regulations set up to Communicate and share information over a network Ex:- HTTP, UDP, TCP, etc.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
If you want to send an email, the protocol used is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
Packets
When communicating between two computer systems the data cannot be sent in large chunks over the network. Every Network has a capacity limit, so data is divided into smaller chunks called packets.
Advantages of Packets:
- More Manageable
- Reusable
- Faster
- Leverage whole capacity
Address
Sending a parcel requires an address; similarly, sending messages over the Internet requires destination details.
Sending. Messages Requines over the Internet requin The destination details: This detail uniquely Identifies the end systems called Address. In the modern internet, we have IP Address.
Ports
Send a gift to a friend involves specifying the recipient by name. Any Machine can run multiple network applications, and ports are used to distinguish these applications for receiving messages.
when sending a message, an IP Address. IP addresses is used to identify the machine. Once the message reaches the machine, a port number is used to direct it to the correct application. The combination of an IP address and port number is called a socket(web sockets)
Summary of Ports:
- Ports help identify specific processes on a host.
- Every process has a 16-bit port number from 0-65535.
- Ports are categorized into three ranges:
- 0-1023 well-known ports – Reserved for specific applications (e.g., HTTP – port 80, HTTPS – port 443).
- 1024-49152 Registered ports – Used by specific, potentially proprietary applications or processes known but not system-defined.(e.g., SQL Server – port 1433, Mongo DB – port 27017).
- 49157-65835: Dynamic ports – Used for future purposes; users can utilize these ports for their services.
